西藏人权事业成就辉煌
New Achievements in Tibet's Human Rights Cause
秋平
Qiu Ping
党的十八大以来，西藏人权事业取得了全方位进步、历史性成就，呈现出政治安定、社会稳定、经济发展、民族团结、宗教和睦、边防巩固、人民安居乐业的发展景象。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress held in 2012, Tibet has secured all-around progress and historic achievements in its human rights and given shape to a development paradigm defined by political and social stability, a growing economy, ethnic unity, religious harmony, consolidated border-area security, and contentment in people's work and life.
生存权、发展权取得历史性成就
Historic achievements have been made in ensuring people's rights to subsistence and development
历史性消除绝对贫困。旧西藏，人民积贫积弱、苦不堪言。今天的西藏，2019年实现整体脱贫，74个贫困县（区）全部摘帽，62.8万建档立卡贫困人口全部脱贫。2022年脱贫人口人均收入达到1.38万元，年均增长率高于农村居民人均可支配收入增长水平，脱贫成果得到进一步巩固。
Absolute poverty has been eliminated once and for all in Tibet. Before liberation, the people here endured extreme poverty and unspeakable hardship. By 2019, however, absolute poverty had been eliminated in the region as a whole, with all 74 poverty-stricken counties (districts) and 628,000 registered poor people escaping impoverishment. In 2022, the average per capita income of people lifted from poverty reached 13,800 yuan, representing an annual growth rate higher than that of the per capita disposable income of rural residents as a whole. This progress has helped further consolidate our achievements in poverty alleviation.
人民生活水平大幅提高。旧西藏，广大农奴食不果腹、衣不蔽体。今天的西藏，经济总量从1959年的1.74亿元增长到2022年的2165亿元以上；粮食产量由1959年的18.29万吨增加到2022年的107万吨；城乡居民人均可支配收入分别达到48753元、18209元，比2021年分别增长8%、10%左右。
People's living standards have been raised by a significant margin. In the past, the vast majority of people in Tibet were serfs who lacked food and warm clothing. By 2022, however, overall economic output in the region had reached 216.5 billion yuan, up from 174 million yuan in 1959, and grain output had increased to 1.07 million tons, up from 182,900 tons in 1959. Per capita disposable income among urban and rural residents rose to 48,753 yuan and 18,209 yuan, respectively—increases of about 8% and 10%, respectively, compared with 2021.
生命健康权切实保障。旧西藏人口稀少、人均寿命只有35.5岁。今天的西藏，人口已由1959年的122.8万人增长到2021年的364.81万人，其中藏族人口占86.01%，人均寿命达到72.19岁。
People's right to life and health has also been effectively guaranteed. Before liberation, Tibet was sparsely populated and had an average life expectancy of just 35.5 years. In 2021, the region's population reached 3.6481 million, rising from just 1.228 million in 1959. People from the Tibetan ethnic group make up 86.01% of the total regional population, and their average life expectancy has risen to 72.19 years.
经济、社会、文化权利保障水平实现全方位进步
An overarching improvement has been made in the protection of economic, social, and cultural rights
就业优先战略有效实施。自治区统筹推进疫情防控和经济社会发展，实施减负、稳岗、扩就业等一系列政策举措，2022年城镇新增就业5.1万人，应届高校毕业生就业率达到95.6%，过去5年每年实现农牧民转移就业60万人以上。
We have effectively implemented an employment-first strategy. Our region has carried out Covid-19 response and promoted economic and social development in a coordinated way, and we have implemented a raft of policies and measures to ease burdens, ensure employment, and expand employment. In 2022, 51,000 new urban jobs were added, and the college graduate employment rate rose to 95.6%. In each of the last five years, over 600,000 farmers and herders have transferred to non-agricultural employment.
教育事业实现优先发展。在全国率先实行15年公费教育政策，学前教育至高等教育的学生资助政策体系不断健全。目前西藏共有各级各类学校3339所，区内外在校生总人数92.2万人、占全区总人口的1/4，新增劳动力平均受教育年限提高到13.1年。
The development of education has been made a governance priority. Indeed, Tibet was the first place in the country to implement a free 15-year education program, and we have continued to improve our policy system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, ensuring coverage all the way from preschool to higher education. The number of schools across all levels and categories in our region stands at 3,339, and the enrolled students from both inside and outside the region is 922,000, accounting for one-quarter of the total population. The average length of education among new workforce entrants has increased to 13.1 years.
医疗卫生事业长足发展。目前西藏每千人口医疗卫生机构床位数、卫生技术人员数分别达到5.37张、6.94人；基本公共卫生服务项目达到28个、补助经费提高到人均110元；藏医医疗机构、卫生技术人员数量成倍增长，所有乡镇覆盖藏医药服务。
Remarkable progress has also been made in the development of medical and health care. There are 5.37 hospital beds and 6.94 health professionals per 1,000 people in the region. The number of basic public health service categories has been increased to 28, and public health service subsidies have risen to 110 yuan per person. The number of traditional Tibetan medicine institutions and health professionals has also grown exponentially, with traditional Tibetan medicine services covering all townships.
社会保障水平稳步提高。全面建立以养老、医疗、失业、工伤和生育五大保险为主体的覆盖城乡全体居民的社会保障体系，目前各类社会保险参保人数达320.38万人次。社会救助体系日益完善，年均保障低保人员24万人以上、特困人员近1.4万人。
Social security benefits have been steadily improved. We have fully established a social security system covering all urban and rural residents with five main areas—old-age, medical care, unemployment, workers' compensation, and maternity insurance. The number of individual accounts for various types of social insurance has reached 3.2038 million. We have continued to improve the social assistance system, and an average of over 240,000 people receive subsistence allowances and nearly 14,000 people in extreme difficulty are granted assistance on an annual basis.
公共文化服务全面进步。创新实施文化惠民工程，建立完善五级公共文化服务体系。5492个行政村（居）文艺演出队实现全覆盖，专兼职文艺演出队伍超过10万人。
All-around progress has been made in promoting public cultural services. We have carried out innovative cultural public-interest initiatives and refined a five-level public cultural service system. All 5,492 administrative villages and communities in Tibet are served by cultural performance teams, which engage over 100,000 full- and part-time performers.
政治权利和公民权利保障得到全过程发展
Political and civil rights have been fully guaranteed and advanced throughout the governance process
人民当家作主充分实现。西藏各族人民充分享有宪法和法律赋予的管理国家和地方事务的各项权利。十四届全国人民代表大会的西藏代表共有24名，其中藏族和其他少数民族代表16名，占66.7%；全区42153名四级人大代表中，藏族和其他少数民族占89.2%。历届自治区人民政府主席均由藏族公民担任，少数民族干部培养使用工作不断加强，以藏族为主体的少数民族干部和各类人才已成为西藏干部队伍的骨干和各行业系统的中坚力量。
The people's right to run their own affairs has been truly realized. In Tibet, people of all ethnicities fully exercise their right to administer national and local affairs as stipulated by the Constitution and laws of China. Tibet has 24 representatives in the 14th National People's Congress, 16 of whom are from the Tibetan and other ethnic minority groups, accounting for 66.7% of the total. Tibetans and people from other ethnic minority groups also make up 89.2% of the 42,153 delegates among the four levels of people's congresses in our region. The position of chairperson of the people's government of Tibet has always been filled by a member of the Tibetan ethnic group, and steady efforts have been made to improve the appointment and training of officials from ethnic minority groups. As a result, officials and talented individuals from various ethnic minority groups, predominantly the Tibetan ethnic group, have come to serve as integral members of Tibet's team of officials and the mainstay of its various industries.
优秀传统文化传承发展。藏语文的学习、使用受到法律保护，藏语言文字在各个领域得到广泛应用，藏文典籍得到有效保护利用。各类非遗项目得到有效传承和保护发展，全区四级名录体系更加健全，其中，藏戏、格萨尔、藏医药浴法纳入联合国人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。
We have kept alive and further developed the best elements of traditional culture. The learning and use of the Tibetan language are protected by law, and the Tibetan language and script are widely used. Tibetan classics have been effectively protected and put to use. We have effectively carried forward, protected, and developed various intangible cultural heritage projects, and further improved the four-level intangible heritage protection system covering the national, autonomous region, prefecture, and county levels. Tibetan opera, the Epic of King Gesar, and traditional Tibetan medicinal bathing have been inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
各民族的传统风俗习惯得到充分尊重，宗教信仰自由依法保障。在西藏，各宗教、各教派一律平等，信教和不信教群众一视同仁，1700多处宗教活动场所、1700多项宗教民俗活动，充分满足了信教群众的正常宗教需求。全区在编僧尼全部纳入社保体系，实现医疗保险、养老保险、最低生活保障和人身意外伤害团体险全覆盖。
The traditional customs of all ethnic groups are fully respected, and freedom of religious belief is guaranteed by law. In Tibet, all religions and denominations are equal, and all people, whether religious believers or not, are treated the same. The region is home to more than 1,700 places of worship and over 1,700 religious and folk events, fully meeting believers' legitimate religious needs. All monks and nuns registered in the autonomous region have been included in the social security net, with full coverage of medical insurance, old-age insurance, subsistence allowances, and personal accident insurance.
民族平等团结日益巩固。坚持以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线，广泛开展民族团结进步创建活动。西藏人民与全国人民之间的经济、文化联系更加紧密，空间分布上交错杂居，思想情感上日益亲近，形成了各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，中华民族一家亲、同心共筑中国梦的生动局面。
Equality and unity among all ethnic groups have been further enhanced. Focusing on the main task of forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation, we have carried out extensive activities to promote ethnic unity and progress. The economic and cultural ties between people in Tibet and the rest of the country have become closer, with the emergence of more mixed communities and stronger emotional bonds. All this has given rise to a vibrant dynamic in which all ethnic groups are working together for prosperity and development and the Chinese nation is united as one family striving in unity to make the Chinese dream a reality.
环境权保障水平得到进一步提高
Protection of environmental rights has been further enhanced
环境治理成果得到新巩固。全区50%的国土面积划入生态保护红线。2022年城镇集中式饮用水水源地水质达标率100%、治理水土流失面积746平方公里、修复退化草原437.5万亩，生态环境质量保持全国领先水平。
We have made new strides in consolidating environmental governance achievements. Fifty percent of the region's land area is now protected by ecological conservation red lines. In 2022, 100% of all source areas for centralized urban drinking water met the required quality standards, water and soil erosion were curbed on 746 square kilometers of land, and more than 291,000 hectares of degraded grasslands were restored, ensuring that Tibet remains a national leader in terms of environmental quality.
绿色低碳发展释放新动能。开展“双碳”本底评估，编制碳达峰实施方案，启动能源、工业、交通、建筑等重点领域减污降碳行动，碳达峰“1+N”政策体系基本形成。
We have generated fresh momentum for promoting green and low-carbon development. We have carried out a baseline assessment for peaking carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060, drawn up a carbon-peaking implementation plan, and launched pollution and carbon reduction initiatives in several key sectors, including energy, industry, transportation, and construction. The “1+N” policy framework for peaking carbon has also largely been instituted.
自然生态保护取得新成效。2022年西藏森林覆盖率达到12.31%，天然草原综合植被覆盖度提高到48.02%，湿地面积达到652.9万公顷。西藏重点城镇环境空气质量优良天数比率达到99%以上，主要江河湖泊水质达到或优于Ⅲ类水域水准。
We have achieved fresh success in ecological protection. By 2022, forest coverage in Tibet reached 12.31%, total vegetation coverage on natural grasslands rose to 48.02%, and wetland areas were extended to cover 6.529 million hectares. The proportion of days with excellent air quality in key towns and cities exceeded 99%, and the water quality of major rivers and lakes was at or above Grade III quality standards.
特定群体权利享有特殊性保障
The rights of specific groups have been ensured with special safeguards
妇女儿童权益得到切实维护。2022年西藏孕产妇死亡率、婴儿死亡率分别降至45.8/10万、7‰。九年义务教育巩固率、高中阶段女生毛入学率分别达到96.94%、90.2%。建立法律援助机构156个，妇女儿童维权合议庭31个。
We have effectively protected the rights and interests of women and children. In 2022, maternal and infant mortality rates in Tibet dropped to 45.8 per 100,000 population and 7 per 1,000 population, respectively. The student retention rate for nine-year compulsory education and the female gross enrollment ratio for senior secondary education reached 96.94% and 90.2%, respectively. There are 156 legal aid agencies in Tibet, as well as 31 collegial panels for safeguarding the rights of women and children.
老年人权益保障机制不断健全。建立健全居家社区机构相协调、医养康养相结合的养老服务体系，目前西藏各类养老服务机构和设施达到145个、床位1.3万张。完善养老服务补贴、失能老人护理补贴、经济困难高龄失能补贴等制度，惠及近6.7万名老人。
We have continued to improve the mechanisms for protecting the rights and interests of elderly people. We have established an eldercare service network that coordinates home, community, and facility care to satisfy different medical and health care needs. Our region currently has a total of 145 eldercare service institutions and facilities, which are equipped with 13,000 bed spaces. We have improved the schemes for elderly care service subsidies, nursing care subsidies for functionally impaired seniors, and subsidies for functionally impaired seniors of advanced age who are experiencing financial difficulties. Close to 67,000 elderly people have benefited from these schemes.
残疾人权益保障成效显著。持续推动困难残疾人生活补贴、重度残疾人护理补贴提标扩面，两项补贴分别提高到100元、200元。2012年以来累计发放两项补贴近10亿元，惠及残疾人群众80多万人次。目前16—59岁就业年龄段持证残疾人实现就业15789人，适龄残疾儿童少年义务教育安置率达到97.15%。
Notable progress has been made in protecting the rights and interests of people with disabilities. We have steadily expanded and raised standards for living allowances for people with disabilities who are experiencing financial difficulties and for nursing subsidies for people with severe disabilities, with payments for these two schemes reaching 100 yuan and 200 yuan, respectively. Since 2012, total subsidy payments for these two schemes have amounted to almost 1 billion yuan and benefited over 800,000 recipients with disabilities. At present, 15,789 people with certified disabilities within the working age range of 16-59 are in employment, and 97.15% of school-age children and teenagers with disabilities are enrolled in compulsory education.
中文编辑：郝遥
英文编辑：李晓琼
审校：张娴 衣小伟
审核：李振通
监制：于波
