新时代生态文明建设的巨大成就
Remarkable Ecological Progress in the New Era
秋平
Qiu Ping
习近平生态文明思想形成并不断深入人心。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记站在中华民族永续发展的高度，立足新时代生态文明建设实践，创造性提出一系列新理念新思想新战略，系统回答了建设什么样的生态文明、怎样建设生态文明等重大理论和实践问题，形成了习近平生态文明思想。全党全社会对人与自然和谐共生、绿水青山就是金山银山等理念的认识不断深入，节约资源、保护环境和绿色发展意识显著增强。
Xi Jinping thought on ecological conservation has taken shape and been embraced by the people. Since 2012, President Xi has made the sustainable development of the Chinese nation a priority. Reviewing China’s efforts in ecological conservation in the new era, he has introduced a series of creative new ideas, new thinking, and new strategies to address major issues of theoretical and practical importance, such as the kind of ecological progress to be pursued and the ways to achieve it. This has culminated in the formation of Xi Jinping thought on ecological conservation. Meanwhile, public awareness and recognition have also grown regarding the need for harmony between humanity and nature, the notion that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and the importance of resource conservation, environmental protection, and green development.
生态文明制度框架基本建立。中国构建了自然资源资产产权制度、国土空间开发保护制度、空间规划体系、资源总量管理和全面节约制度、资源有偿使用和生态补偿制度、环境治理体系、环境治理和生态保护市场体系、生态文明绩效评价考核和责任追究制度等一批重大制度，重构自然资源管理体制，完善生态环境管理体制，先后制定或修改30余部生态文明相关法律，生态文明制度框架体系总体形成。
An institutional framework for ecological conservation has been largely established. A number of important systems have been put in place. These include a property rights system for natural resources, a system for the development and protection of territorial space, an integrated planning system for territorial space, a system for regulating total resource consumption and promoting comprehensive resource conservation, systems for the paid use of natural resources and the provision of environmental compensation, an environmental governance system, a market system for environmental governance and ecological conservation, and a performance evaluation and accountability system pertaining to ecological progress. We have also improved the management systems for natural resources and the ecological environment and formulated or revised over 30 laws on ecological conservation. Thanks to these efforts, an institutional framework for ecological conservation has come into being.
绿色低碳发展加快推进。清洁能源消费占比大幅提升，水电、风电、光伏发电装机容量均居世界第一，清洁能源消费比重由14.5%升至25.9%，煤炭在一次能源消费中的比重由68.5%降至56.2%。2022年全国单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2012年下降40.1%，资源利用效率持续提升，2012年以来，中国单位国内生产总值能耗、水耗、地耗分别下降26.4%、46.5%、38.6%，主要资源产出率累计提高近60%。
Acceleration in green and low-carbon development. China has become the global leader in installed capacities of hydropower, wind power, and solar power. The decade from 2012 to 2022 saw a significant rise in the share of clean energy in China’s total energy mix, climbing from 14.5% to 25.9%. This was accompanied by a reduction in the share of coal in primary energy consumption from 68.5% to 56.2%, alongside a 40.1% decrease in carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP. Thanks to consistent improvements in resource use efficiency since 2012, China has recorded decreases in energy consumption, water consumption, and consumption of land allocated for construction per unit of GDP, with reductions of 26.4%, 46.5%, and 38.6%, respectively. The rising efficiency has also driven an increase of close to 60% in the ratio of GDP to major resource consumption.
自然生态保护修复取得开创性进展。率先在国际上提出和实施生态保护红线制度，划定全国陆域生态保护红线占陆域国土面积的30%以上。对9000多处自然保护地进行整合优化，设立首批5个国家公园。2012年以来，在青藏高原、黄河流域、长江流域等重要生态区部署实施50余项山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复重大工程，完成修复治理面积5.37万平方公里；实施海洋生态保护和修复重大工程，整治修复海岸线近2000公里、滨海湿地超过4万公顷；森林覆盖率由21.63%提高到24.02%，是世界上森林资源增长最多的国家。
Progress in ecological protection and restoration. China has led the way in introducing a system for ecological conservation red lines, which cover over 30% of the country’s total land area. In implementing this system, we have integrated and refined more than 9,000 nature reserves and established China’s first five national parks. Since 2012, over 50 projects have been carried out under China’s Shan-Shui Initiative (literally Mountain and Water Initiative for promoting the integrated conservation and restoration of mountain, water, forest, farmland, grassland, and desert ecosystems) in areas of ecological importance, such as the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Yellow River Basin, and Yangtze River Basin. This has resulted in the restoration and improvement of 53,700 km² of land. Thanks to projects for the protection and improvement of marine ecosystems, we have restored about 2,000 km of coastlines and over 40,000 hectares of coastal wetlands. Forest coverage has also risen to 24.02% from 21.63%, the largest increase in forest resources of any country in the world.
全球生态治理贡献突出。推动应对气候变化《巴黎协定》达成、签署、生效和实施，宣布二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值、努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。成功举办《联合国防治荒漠化公约》、《生物多样性公约》、《湿地公约》缔约方大会。积极参与联合国2030年可持续发展议程、“生态系统恢复十年”、“海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”等行动计划。塞罕坝林场建设者、浙江省“千村示范、万村整治”工程和“蓝色循环”海洋塑料废弃物治理模式等获得联合国最高环境荣誉“地球卫士奖”，“中国山水工程”入选联合国首批十大“世界生态恢复旗舰项目”。
China’s contributions to global ecological governance. To cope with climate change, China has not only worked for the conclusion, signing, entry into force, and implementation of the Paris Agreement, but also made a commitment to reaching peak carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. In addition to hosting conferences of the parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on Wetlands, it has also actively participated in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030), and the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), among other action plans.The UN’s most prestigious environmental recognition, the Champions of the Earth Award, was granted to the Saihanba afforestation community in Hebei Province and to Zhejiang’s Green Rural Revival Program and its Blue Circle environmental initiative for marine plastic pollution treatment. In addition, China’s Shan-Shui Initiative was selected as one of the UN’s first 10 World Restoration Flagships.
中文责编：郝遥
英文责编：王翠芳
英文审校：聂悄语 蒋雯燕
监制：于波 李小娟
